人力资源管理的挑战

The Craft System

Master craftsman and apprentice

Industrial Revolution

Move to factory system and move to machines

Division of labor

Scientific Management

Taylor Conducted scientific experiments to improve efficiency

Theory X

Human Relations

Hawthorne experiments

The “Hawthorn effect” led researchers to associate social factors with work

Theory Y

Workers inherently dislike work

Workers must be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to accomplish work objectives

Talent is narrowly distributed

Workers will do as little work as they are required to do

Motivated by money

Need for formal, well established lines of authority

Clearly defined jobs

Workers like work, cooperative, friendly

Work is widely distributed throughout the workforce

Workers can be motivated to work independently

Managers who accepted Y, would not structure, control, or closely supervise the work environment

Encourage self-control, motivate by providing satisfying work (e.g., challenging work)